Pre-Revolutionary Ropemaking in the American Colonies

10. Byproducts

For Heaven's sake discard the monstrous wig which makes the English judges look like rats peeping through bunches of oakum.
Thomas Jefferson

Oakum

Oakum^[215] ^[110] is fibers teased out of old, cut-up ropes used for caulking ships, packing joints in iron plumbing, fixing draughts between masonry and wooden framing, packing horse hooves, and making low quality cordage for mats and bumpers aboard ship.

Sketch of a caulking hammer and iron, rope being picked apart for oakum.
Figure 10.1: Rope Picked Apart for Oakum, with a Caulking Hammer and Iron.

Picking oakum was something sailors did in their spare time on ship.^[215] It was also a task assigned to prisoners, orphans, and the poor. Picking one pound of oakum a day was for young girls and the seriously infirm.^[418] Hardened prisoners were given up to six pounds of oakum to pick per day as punishment. Picking oakum is rope making in reverse.

Tow

Tow^[200] (Sounds like TOE, not like COW). Short, coarse, fibers from the hatchelling process. Can be re-hatchelled and used to make inferior quality rope or fabric. Also used for stuffing mattresses and cleaning guns.

Charcord

Charcord, or char-rope, is any cord, heated in the absence of air, until it carbonizes. The resulting charcoal retains the shape of the original cord. Charcord is used for catching a spark, when lighting a fire with flint and steel. Charcord also lights easily with a burning glass on a sunny day.

This is a good use for small pieces of stuff lying around your shop that aren't picked apart for oakum.

Sketch of charcord making tin, charcord, flint and steel.
Figure 10.2: Clockwise from top: Tin Can for Making Charcord, Three Strands of Charcord, Striking Steel, Flint.

Figure 10.2 is a tin can about eight inches tall, with a tight fitting lid. The lid needs a hole to let gasses escape, and you need some way to easily seal the hole. I just whittle a stick to fit the hole. If your plug stick is long enough, it can help you move the can out of the fire when the time comes.

To make charcord, put pieces of natural vegetable fiber ropes in the metal can. Don't pack the can tightly, the tars and gasses need to space to move, or else your charcord will be a tarry wad of fibers.

I put small branches in with the rope scraps. This keeps me from over stuffing, and makes channels for the fumes to travel. Sometimes these are pencil diameter branches I've previously peeled for bark. Sometimes, it's just dry sticks from the garden.

Make sure gasses can flow through the hole, then put the can full of cords in a fire. After a while, steam and smoke will jet out of the hole. These gasses are flammable, so you can light the jet for the amusement of any watchers. After the gases have stopped coming out of the hole, block the hole with a piece of stick, or what have you, and take the can out of the fire. Blocking the hole keeps oxygen from contacting the hot charred rope inside. Combustion requires three things: fuel, heat, and oxygen. If oxygen gets into the can while the charcord is still hot, you will end up with a can full of ashes. If the cooked cord cools without oxygen, then you get the desired charcord.

If you've put sticks in the can with the rope scraps, those twigs will now be charcoal also. Artists like real charcoal sticks for sketching. And charcoal is great for making a temporary sign board, or illustrating a point on your table-top. Nowhere near as messy as ink, and it wipes off. Somewhat. These are the byproduct of a byproduct.

Finer fibers, like cotton, hemp, or jute will catch sparks better than coarse fibers like modern manila, or sisal.

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